The Horror Genre Essay - 1310 Words

The Horror Genre The horror genre is a topic that can be written or filmed about. In this essay, I will be concentrating on films, and how the horror genre is included in them. The main ingredients in a horror film are music, sound effects, lighting, camera trickery special effects and most importantly a clever, catchy, scary script. But to make horror what it is, a director will include many other things that create suspense and the eerie atmosphere of the scene, or simply make us cringe. The prop are not just there to fill space, the costumes arent chosen because the character had to wear something or the film done at night because the filming finished late. I will explain the reasons these†¦show more content†¦The viewer will feel sorry for the victim, and feel hatred towards the murderer, getting him or her involved in the film - how often have you been watching a film and the person sat next to you starts saying Yes! Yes! Kill him! or Dont be stupid! Its obvious hes guilty! I certai nly have (usually my mum). If the victim is female, she is often attractive, making male viewers like her - and then angry when she is killed, again getting angry with the murderer. Once a person has started getting involved in a film, they wont want to stop watching it - theyll want to see the guilty murderer get caught, or killed. Of course, in a horror film not all characters are real - and nor are the events. Camera trickery, special effects and make-up add to the realism of a good horror film. The lighting adds emphasis to make-up, a characters personality or a frightening scene. If something surprising happens, such as a hideous monster jumping out on someone, up lighting will be used. This is when the lights are shone from the floor, up onto something, e.g.. under someones chin. This causes no shadows on the persons face, making it seem big and bright, thus often scary. This usually makes a person jump, increasing the thrill of the film. Otherwise, down lighting can be used to make a personShow MoreRelatedThe Horror Genre Of Horror Essay2741 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction The horror genre is one of the oldest genres used in storytelling. It was used in old folklore stories and was commonly used during the ancient Greek plays. Horror genre became one of the first genres to be adopted into filmmaking in the 1920’s. Though the word horror to describe in the film genre would not be used until after Universal Pictures released Dracula and Frankenstein both in 1931. J. A. Cuddon (1984) defined horror in The Penguin Book of Horror Stories as â€Å"a pieceRead MoreThe Horror Genre Of Horror Films Essay1461 Words   |  6 PagesThe horror genre has become a popular genre among the movie industry. It has become a popular genre since it has been evolving throughout the years it has been around, but one of its major climax points was when the subgenre of zombies came into the mix. The zombie genre became very popular in the year 1968 when it was first introduced in George Romero’s film Night of the Living Dead. Night of the Living Dead is one of the most prominent zombie films till this date especially since it has introducedRead MoreHorror Movies : The Horror Movie Genre859 Words   |  4 Pagessomething. Horror movies specifically slasher movies do more than just entertain us in their way, they also warn us to be aware of what we’re doing or our surroundings. In most slasher films, there are certain scenarios that have been repeated and copied from the beginning of the genre. Because of the numerous imitations by other films in the past and the present the themes put forth in ground breaking slasher movies are continually reinventing the genre and have added significantly to horror movieRead MoreThe Genre Of Horror Films1563 Words   |  7 PagesFirst of all, genre is the method categorized a film based on similarities in the narrative elements. There are a wide range of different types of film genres: detective, action, adventure, gangster or crime, science fiction, drama, horror, romance, comedy, musical and so on. It is quite difficult to identify a particular film because a film might have a few of different genres. That is the reason why sub-genres exist. Sub-genres can help us to more clarity in identify the genre of a film. For exampleRead MoreThe Horror Genre Essay608 Words   |  3 PagesThe Horror Genre The Horror Genre has been very popular ever since Etienne Robertson, the pioneer of film horror, made the first film. The film Phantasmagoria was more of a theatre shadow play. It was made during the French revolution. Since then, thousands of Horror films have been made. Many developments have been used in newer films such as special effects and 3-D animation. A genre is formed when a type of film has certain elements that become essential toRead MoreThe Horror Of The Gothic Genre940 Words   |  4 PagesThe Gothic genre often reproduces a conservative paranoid structure when it comes to homophobia and other moral panics over sex (Hanson, Pg. 176). Eve Sedgwick depicts this in her work, ‘Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosexual Desire’ as she discusses how these ideas (paranoia) are represented within the Gothic, in what she describes as the ‘homosocial’ in reference to male bonds (Sedgwick, Pg. 86). She also discusses how bonds between men exist as the backbone of social form and formsRead MoreThe Mutation Of The Horror Genre1916 Words   |  8 PagesMutation of the Horror Genre Horror can be defined as a genre meant to psychologically trigger individual fear with the presence of certain supernatural or abstract characteristics. The genre is dependent on people’s fascination with unrealism and the sensation that comes from experiencing fear personified into tangible elements on a screen. Horror films have thrilled audiences for decades, revealing stories of the more sinister parts of life. The popular allure that stems from the genre comes from theRead MoreHorror Genre Dissertation6741 Words   |  27 PagesIntroduction PG. 4 Discussion - 4. History of the Horror Genre PG. 5 - 9 - 5. Slasher Films and the Gender roles PG. 9 - 13 - 6. Comedy Horror PG. 13 - 16 - 7. Postmodernism and the Horror Film PG. 16 - 18 - 8. Case Study: Scream Vs. Scary Movie PG. 18 - 22 9. Conclusion PG. 23 Bibliography PG. 25 - 27 1. Abstract Page I have researched on the Horror genre, looking at when it begun, the decline in popularity it hasRead MoreHorror Genre Films586 Words   |  2 PagesHorror Genre Essay Horror Genre Films are unsettling films that are created to frighten and panic the audience. They are there to invoke our hidden worst fears yet entertaining the audience. They deal with our most undiscovered fears, our nightmares, and our vulnerability, our terror of the unknown, our fear of death or our loss of identity. Watching a horror film gives an opening into the scary world, into a passage for the essence of fear itself, but not really being in danger. Common story linesRead MoreThe Horror Film Genre522 Words   |  2 PagesHorror films have been around for over 100 years, petrifying people and bringing their worst fears to life but still they can’t get enough of this sick and gory genre that is unbelievably entertaining and captivating to the audience. Horror comes with many sub-genres from your bloody slashers like Friday the 13th to your Supernatural-Horrors like The Exorcist, but in the end they all seem to do their job by scaring you and leaving you with nightmares for weeks on end. Usually Horror’s films have

Why Do Insects Migrate Which Insects Migrate

Were it not for the well-known story of the monarch butterflies, most people probably wouldnt realize that insects migrate. Not all insects migrate, of course, but you might be surprised to learn how many do. These insects on the move include some kinds of grasshoppers, dragonflies, true bugs, beetles, and of course, butterflies and moths. What Is Migration? Migration isnt the same thing as movement. Simply moving from one place to another does not necessarily constitute migratory behavior. Some insect populations disperse, for example, spreading out within a habitat to avoid competition for resources within the population. Insects also sometimes extend their range, occupying a larger area of the same or similar adjacent habitat. Entomologists differentiate migration from other types of insect movement. Migration involves some or all of these specific behaviors or phases: Determined movement away from the current home range - In other words, if it looks like a migration, it probably is a migration. Migrating insects move with a mission, making persistent progress away from their existing range and toward a new one.Straight movement - Relative to other kinds of movement, insects will move in a fairly consistent direction during migration.Lack of response to stimuli - Migrating insects focus on getting where they are going, and tend to ignore the things that occupied them in their home range. They dont stop their movement at the first sign of suitable host plants or receptive mates.Distinctive changes in behavior before and after migration - Insects preparing to migrate may suspend reproductive activities and change their feeding habits. Some will climb to the top of a tree to assess and make use of the wind currents when they depart. Locusts, which are normally solitary insects, become gregarious.Changes in how energy is allocated within the insects bo dies - Migrating insects undergo physiological changes, triggered by either hormonal or environmental cues. Aphids, which usually lack wings, may produce a winged generation capable of flight. Over several nymphal instars, gregarious locusts develop long wings and dramatic markings. Monarch butterflies enter a state of reproductive diapause before their long journey to Mexico. Types of Insect Migration Some insects migrate predictably, while others do so occasionally in response to an environmental change or other variables. The following terms are sometimes used to describe different types of migration. Seasonal migration - migration that occurs with the change of seasons. Monarch butterflies in eastern North America migrate seasonally.Reproductive migration - migration to or from a separate breeding location. Salt marsh mosquitoes migrate from their breeding grounds after emergence as adults.Irruptive migration - migration that occurs unpredictably, and may not involve the entire population. Painted lady butterflies are irruptive migrants. Their migration is often associated with El Nià ±o weather patterns.Nomadic migration - migration that involves progressive movement away from the home range, but not to a specific alternate location. Locust migration tends to be nomadic. When we think of migration, we often assume it involves animals moving north and south. Some insects, however, migrate to different altitudes rather than changing latitudes. By migrating to a mountaintop during summer months, for example, insects can take advantage of the ephemeral resources in an alpine environment. Which Insects Migrate? So, which insect species migrate? Here are some examples, grouped by order and listed alphabetically: Butterflies and Moths: American lady (Vanessa virginiensis)American snout (Libytheana carinenta)army cutworm (Euxoa auxiliaris)cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni)cabbage white (Pieris rapae)cloudless sulphur (Phoebis senna)common buckeye (Junonia coenia)corn earworm (Helicoverpa zea)fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda)gulf fritillary (Agraulis vanillae)little yellow (Eurema (Pyrisitia) lisa)long-tailed skipper (Urbanus proteus)monarch (Danaus plexippus)mourning cloak (Nymphalis antiopa)obscure sphinx (Erinnyis obscura)owl moth (Thysania zenobia)painted lady (Vanessa cardui)pink-spotted hawkmoth (Agrius cingulata)queen (Danaus gilippus)question mark (Polygonia interrogationis)red admiral (Vanessa atalanta)sleepy orange (Eurema (Abaeis) nicippe)tersa sphinx (Xylophanes tersa)yellow underwing moth (Noctua pronuba)zebra swallowtail (Eurytides marcellus) Dragonflies and Damselflies: blue dasher (Pachydiplax longipennis)common green darner (Anax junius)great blue skimmer (Libellula vibrans )painted skimmer(Libellula semifasciata)twelve-spotted skimmer (Libellula pulchella)variegated meadowhawk (Sympetrum corruptum) True Bugs: greenbug aphid (Schizaphis graminum)large milkweed bug (Oncopeltus fasciatus)potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae) This is by no means an exhaustive list of examples. Mike Quinn of Texas AM has assembled a more detailed list of North American insects that migrate, as well as a thorough bibliography of references on the topic. Sources: Migration: The Biology of Life on the Move, by Hugh Dingle.The Insects: An Outline of Entomology, by PJ Gullan and PS Cranston.Borror and Delongs Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th Edition, by Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. Johnson.Encyclopedia of Insects, edited by Vincent H. Resh and Ring T. Carde.Migratory Insects of North America, by Mike Quinn, Texas AM University, accessed May 7, 2012.Migration Basics, National Park Service, accessed January 26, 2017 (PDF).

The Tragedy Of Sophocles Antigone - 928 Words

Antigone Antigone was written in 441 BC by the Greek playwright Sophocles. The play is set in the ancient city of Thebes. Women were not recognized of importance in ancient Athens, so in turn they were not allowed to attend the plays and any character that was a woman was to be played as a man, wearing a mask. Sophocles wrote many other great Greek tragedies including Odeipus the King. In the prequel to Antigone, Odeipus the King, Odeipus is born as a curse. His parents went to the oracle and received terrible news about their son, Odeipus. Odeipus would soon kill his father and lay with his mother. To prevent this, his parents dropped Odeipus off in the woods as a child but he still managed to survive. Years later he is walking on the outskirts of Thebes and he runs into his father, they have a thrown down and Oedipus kills his father, completing the first half of the prophecy the oracle foretold. Shortly after Thebes recognizes Oedipus as a worthy leader and is elected king. And with tradit ion he must marry the queen of Thebes, his mother, completing the second half of the prophecy. Odeipus later then finds out the truth that he in fact killed his father, the king of Thebes, and is married to his mother and has committed fornication. Oedipus gouges his eyes out stating â€Å"Don’t tell me what I’ve done is not the best. And from now on spare me your advice If I could see, I don’t know how my eyes could look at my own father when I come to Hades or could see my wretched mother.Show MoreRelatedThe Tragedy Of Sophocles Antigone Essay1808 Words   |  8 Pages Antigone is the main character of the homonymous tragedy of Sophocles. The play follows the formal conventions of Greek tragedy and it is composed of seven scenes (opening scene, prologos), five scenes and a final scene (exodus), which are divided noticeably by six choral songs (opening lyric, parodos) and five choral songs (stasima) which have some relevance to the dramatic situation. As Aristotle distinguishes in his work of literary criticism, Poetics, part of the excitement of a tragic performanceRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Antigone By Sophocles1182 Words   |  5 PagesThe play Antigone, composed by Sophocles, informs us that fate cannot be controlled by anyone. Fate is an essential part of many tragedies. As for the characters in Antigone, their fates end up being unavoidable, whether it is due to the reason that they refused to accept it until it was very late, or they accepted the fate and permitted it to come to pass. The character’s lives possess set conclusions, and there exits some clues on what these conclusions shall be, and when they shall happen. TheRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Sophocles Antigone1355 Words   |  6 Pagesscenarios. For example in Sophocles’ play Antigone there are a few characters that one might say suffered. The two characters that are believed to suffer the most in this play are Antigone and Creon, however Creon does suffe r more than Antigone. Sophocles’ play is to be said to be one of the best tragedy plays ever to be written and performed. The reasoning behind this is because of the true suffering that Creon does throughout the play. The whole play brings in the theme of tragedy from the beginningRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Sophocles Antigone1705 Words   |  7 Pagesthe subject of honorable morality, Antigone possesses the moral high ground in accordance to the Greek expectations of the historical era when compared to the opposition of Creon. Owing to Sophocles’ tragedy known as Antigone, it offers the question of what type of law should be relevant when both divine law and common law clash in their interests. As such, it delves into a complex setting of a post-civil war Thebes, whereby throughout the entirety of the tragedy the audience learns of the fates ofRead MoreThe Tragedy of Sophocles Antigone956 Words   |  4 Pages The Tragedy of Antigone nbsp;In the story of Antigone, Oedipus has already died, his two sons. Polyneices and Eteocles, left to contend for the throne of Thebes. In their contention for the throne, the two brothers slay one another, leaving Creon once again to be the acting regent of Thebes. With this power, Creon declares that Polyneices must be left to rot on the battlefield, the highest disgrace to any Greek. Antigone, daughter of Oedipus, is left torn between state of family, and in theRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Sophocles Antigone976 Words   |  4 PagesThe story in Antigone shows two things that Sophocles could be pointing which is important whether may be the family or authority. Readers could not tell whether Sophocles would be choosing which but most conclude that Sophocles could be siding with family as it talks much more about it than authority. In the mind of a reader, family is mostly likely the winner as Antigone cares her brother Polyneices, Antigone denies the rule of Creon, Creon values his son and his wife, and Sophocles might be makingRead MoreThe Tragic Tragedy Of Antigone By Sophocles1440 Words   |  6 Pages Antigone The tragic play ‘Antigone’ by Sophocles is a tale that will forever project different interpretations and meanings, one no more accurate than the other. The play’s protagonist, Antigone, is typically always seen in an innocent aspect, and Creon is always seen as a villain due to the ongoing quarrel between the two. But, who is to say that either one is heroic or villainous? Sure, there are many admirable qualities that Antigone possesses, but she also shows that she is unwilling to changeRead More Sophocles Greek Tragedy, Antigone Essay465 Words   |  2 PagesIt has been said that love conquers all. Love is a major issue in Sophocles Greek Tragedy, Antigone. Antigone’s family is full of incest and betrayal. People say that Antigone, and her sister Ismene have been cursed because of their family’s bad decisions and horrible luck. Love in Antigone’s case did conquer all, but do the tragedy of deaths. Antigone’s love for her deceased bro ther eventually caused her own death. Antigone’s death went on to cause Haimon’s death, which ultimately caused the deathRead MoreTragedy in Antigone by Sophocles and Blackfish771 Words   |  4 PagesKarl Marx, the German philosopher, once said â€Å"History repeats itself, first as tragedy, second as farce.† For me, this quote clearly describes the overarching relationship between Blackfish and Antigone. This analogy starts with Antigone, written about an oppressed woman against the fists of tyranny. That early in history woman’s rights was often taboo at places, and democracy was only recently established. Yet, Antigone went against the norm by focusing on a heroine that challenged male authorityRead MoreEssay about Sophocles Antigone: A Great Tragedy1073 Words   |  5 Pagescan create a major difference, but one decision can create major conflict. One decision affects all other decisions. The effects of one decision are present in Antigone by the greek author, Sophocles. The setting of Antigone is the ancient city of Thebes after a battle between Polyneices and Eteocles. During the battle, a great tragedy occurs when Eteocles and Polyneices kill each other. The battle is a result of one decision by Polyneices to conquer Thebes, and his attempt is a utter failure

Debut Albums and Young Man free essay sample

An older gentleman was playing a round of golf. Suddenly his ball sliced and landed in a shallow pond. As he was attempting to retrieve the ball he discovered a frog who, to his great surprise, started to speak! Kiss me, and I will change into a beautiful princess, and I will be yours for a week. He picked up the frog and placed it in his pocket. As he continued to play golf, the frog repeated its message. Kiss me, and I will change Into a beautiful princess, and I will be yours for a whole month! The man continued to play his golf game and once again the frog spoke out. KISS me,and I will change into a beautiful princess, and I will be yours for a whole year! Finally, the old man turned to the frog and exclaimed, At my age, Id rather have a talking frog! The Last Ticket During a busy holiday weekend, a woman who was eight months pregnant went to the railway station to return home to her husband. At the reservation counter, when her turn came, there was only one ticket left.Taking pity on a very old lady behind her in line, she offered her berth to the old lady and sent a telegram to her husband which arrived with a small error: Shall be coming tomorrow, heavy rush in the train, eave birth to an old lady. A Business Loan A businessman walked Into a bank in San Francisco and asked for the loan officer. He told the officer that he Is going to Europe on business for two weeks and needed to borrow $5,000. The bank officer explained that the bank needed some kind of security for such a loan. So the businessman handed over the keys too Rolls Royce parked on the street in front of the bank. Everything checked out, and the bank agreed to accept the car as collateral for the loan. A bank employee drove the Rolls into the banks underground garage and parked it there. Two weeks later, the businessman returned, repaid the $5,000 with Interest, which came to $15. 41. The loan officer said, We are very happy to have had your business, and this transaction has worked out very nicely, but we are a little puzzled. While you were away, we checked you out and found that you are a multimillionaire. What puzzles us is why would you bother to borrow $5,000? The businessman replied, Where else in San Francisco can I park my car for two weeks for only 15 bucks? A Big Decision A six-year-old boy walked up to his father one day and announced, Daddy, Id like to get married. His father replied hesitantly, Sure, son, do you have anyone special In mind? Yes, answered the boy. l want to marry Grandma. Now, wait a minute, said his father. You dont think Id let you get married with my mother, do you? Why not? The boy asked. You married mine. 100 Penguins A truck driver was driving 100 penguins to the New York Zoo when his truck broke down on the freeway.The driver got out of the cab and was looking at the engine when a second truck driver stopped In front of him and asked If he needed any help. If the other man would take the penguins there. He agreed. Some hours later, the second truck driver drove past the first one, who was still waiting on the freeway for help to come. The penguins, however, were still on the truck! l thought I asked you to take those penguins to the zoo, shouted the first driver. The second replied, l did, but I had some money left, so were going to the cinema now. Supermarket Encounter A young man was walking through a supermarket to pick up a few things when he noticed an old lady following him around. Thinking nothing of it, he ignored her and continued on. Finally, he went to the checkout line, but she got in front of him. Pardon me, she said, Im sorry if my staring at you has made you feel uncomfortable. Its Just that you look Just like my son who Just died recently. Im very sorry, replied the young man, Is there anything I can do for you? Yes, she said. As Im leaving, can you say Goodbye mother? It would make me feel much better. Sure, answered the young man. As the old woman was leaving, he called out, Goodbye mother! As he stepped up to the checkout counter, he saw that his total was $127. 50. How can that be? he asked, l only purchased a few things! Your mother said that you would pay for ere, said the clerk. Do you deserve to enter heaven? A man died and went to heaven. An angel met him at the Gates of Heaven and said, Before you meet with God, I thought I should tell you weve examined your whole life, and you really didnt do anything particularly good or bad. Were not sure whether we can admit you into heaven or not.Can you tell us anything exceptional you did that can help us make a decision? The newly arrived soul thought for a moment and replied, Yeah, once I was driving along and came upon a woman who was being harassed by a group of goons. So I pulled over, got out my tire iron, and . NET up to the leader of the gang. He was a big, muscular, hairy guy with tattoos all over his body and a ring pierced through his nose. Well, I tore the nose ring out of his nose, and told him that he and his gang had better stop bothering the woman or they would have to deal with me! Im impressed, The angel responded, When did this happen? The man replied, About two minutes ago. Return my horse! A cowboy rode into town and stopped at a saloon for a drink. Unfortunately, the locals always had a habit of picking on strangers. When he finished his drink, he found his horse had been stolen. He went back into the bar, handily flipped his gun into the air, caught it above his head without even looking and fired a shot into the ceiling. Which one of you sidewinders stole my horse?!?!? he yelled with surprising forcefulness. No one answered. Alright, Im goanna have another beer, and if my horse anti back outside by the time I finish, Im goanna do what I did in Texas! And I dont like to have to do what I did in Texas! Some of the locals shifted restlessly. The man, true to his word, had another beer, walked outside, and his horse had been returned to the post. He saddled up and started to ride out of town. The bartender wandered out of the bar and asked, Say partner, before you go.. . What happened in Texas? The cowboy turned back and said, l had to walk home. Chemistry Class water? Silly Suzie immediately raised her hand. Yes, Suzie, whats the answer? , the teacher asked. Suzie answered proudly, The chemical formula for water is HICKMAN! Her teacher looked perplexed. He asked, What are you talking about? Suzie replied, Yesterday you said the formula for water is H to O! Improve Your Memory! Two elderly couples were enjoying friendly conversation when one of the men asked he other, Fred, how was the memory clinic you went to last month? Outstanding, Fred replied. They taught us all the latest psychological techniques visualization, association it has made a big difference for me. Thats great! What was the name of that clinic? Fred went blank. He thought and thought but couldnt remember. Then a smile broke across his face and he asked, What do you call that flower with the long stem and thorns? You mean a rose? Yes, thats it! Then he turned to his wife and asked, Rose, what was the name of that clinic? Just One Copy A young executive was leaving the office at pm when he found the CEO (Chief Executive Officer) standing in front of a shredder with a piece of paper in his hand. Listen, said the CEO, this is important, and my secretary has left.Can you make this thing work? Certainly, said the young executive. He turned the machine on, inserted the paper, and pressed the start button. Excellent, excellent! said the CEO as his paper disappeared inside the shredder. l just need one copy. Heavenly Golf Moses, Jesus, and an older bearded man were playing a round of golf. Moses stepped up to the tee and hit the ball. It headed toward the water. Quickly, Moses raised his club and the water parted, allowing the ball to roll to the other side onto the fairway. Next, Jesus came up and hit his ball toward the same water hole.This time it hovered for a few seconds over the water. Casually, Jesus walked over to it and chipped it up onto the green. The older man then teed up and whacked the ball which headed over to a nearby highway. It bounced off the top of a truck and rolled down the gutter of a nearby house, then landed safely on a lily pad in a small pond where a large bullfrog swallowed it. At that moment a large eagle swooped down and grabbed the frog. As hey passed over the golf course, the frog burped and the ball fell out of his mouth and into the hole for a beautiful hole in one.Moses turned to Jesus and said, I hate playing with your dad. The Butcher and the Lawyer A lawyers dog, running about unleashed, beelines for a butcher shop and steals a roast. The butcher goes to the lawyers office and asks, If a dog running unleashed steals a piece of meat from my store, do I have a right to demand payment for the meat from the dogs owner? The lawyer answers, Absolutely. Then you owe me $12. 50. Your dog was loose and stole a roast from me today. The lawyer, without a rod, writes the butcher a check for $12. 50.A few days later the butcher receives a letter from the lawyer: $45 due for consultation. Gray Hairs One day, a little girl was sitting and watching her mother do the dishes at the kitchen sink. She suddenly noticed that her mother had several strands of white hair sticking out in contrast to her brunette hair. She looked at her mother and inquisitively asked, you do something wrong and make me cry or unhappy, one of my hairs turns white. The little girl thought about this revelation for a while and then asked, Mom, how come all of grandmas hairs are white? Three Rooms in Hell A man dies and goes to Hell. The Devil meets him at the gates and says There are three rooms here. You can choose which one you want to spend eternity in. The Devil takes him to the first room where there are people hanging from the walls by their wrists and obviously in agony. The Devil takes him to the second room where the people are being whipped with metal chains. The Devil then opens the third door, and the man looks inside and sees many people sitting around, up to their waists in garbage, drinking cups of tea.The man decides instantly which room he is going to spend eternity in and chooses the last room. He goes into the third room, picks up his cup of tea and the Devil walks back in saying k, guys, tea breaks over, back on your heads! A Science Lecture A famous scientist was on his way to a lecture in yet another university when his chauffeur offered an idea. Hey, boss, Ive heard your speech so many times I bet I could deliver it and give you the night off. Sounds great, the scientist said. When they got to the auditorium, the scientist put on the chauffeurs hat and settled into the back row. The chauffeur walked to the lectern and delivered the speech. Afterward he asked if there were any questions. Yes, said one professor. Then he launched into a highly technical question. The chauffeur was panic stricken for a moment but quickly recovered. Thats an easy one, he replied. In fact, its so easy, Im going to let my chauffeur answer it! Five Englishmen Five Englishmen boarded a train Just behind five Scots, who, as a group had only purchased one ticket. Just before the conductor came through, all the Scots piled into the toilet stall at the back of the car.As the conductor passed the stall, he knocked and calledTickets, please! and one of the Scots slid a ticket under the door. It was munched, pushed back under the door, and when it was safe all the Scots came out and took their seats. The Englishmen were tremendously impressed by the Scots ingenuity. On the trip back, the five Englishmen decided to try this themselves and purchased only one ticket. They noticed that, oddly, the Scots had not purchased any tickets this time. Anyway;ay, again, Just before the conductor came through, the Scots piled into one of the toilet stalls, the Englishmen into the other. Then one of the Scots leaned out, knocked on the Englishmen stall and called Ticket, Please! When the ticket slid out under the or, he picked it up and quickly closed the door Nationalities One day an Englishman, a Scotsman, and an Irishman walked into a pub together. They each bought a pint of Guinness. Just as they were about to enjoy their creamy beverage, three flies landed in each of their pints, and were stuck in the thick head. The Englishman pushed his beer away in disgust. The Scotsman fished the fly out of his beer, and continued drinking it, as if nothing had happened.The Irishman, too, picked the fly out of his drink, held it out over the beer, and started yelling, SPIT IT OUT, SPIT IT OUT YOU * carriage in a train going through Wales. Suddenly the train went through a tunnel and as it was an old style train,there were no lights in the carriages and it went completely dark. Then there was this kissing noise and the sound of a really loud slap. When the train came out of the tunnel, Claudia Schaffer and the Scotsman were sitting as if nothing had happened and the Englishman had his hand against his face as he had been slapped.The Englishman was thinking: The Scottish fell must have kissed Claudia Schaffer and she missed him and slapped me instead. Claudia Schaffer was thinking: The English fell must have tried to kiss me and actually kissed the Scotsman and got slapped for it. And the Scotsman was thinking: This is great. The next time the train goes through a tunnel Ill make that kissing noise and slap that English b**Tara again . Jim was speeding along the road one fine day when the local policeman, a friend of his, pulled him over. Whats wrong, Eric? Jim asked. Well didnt you know, Jim, that your wife fell out of the car about five miles back? Said Eric. Ah, praise God! he replied with relief. l thought Id gone deaf! Mike and his pregnant wife live on a farm in a rural area in the west of England. No running water, no electricity, etc. One night, Mikes wife is begins to deliver the baby. The local doctor is there in attendance. What day want me to do, Doctor? Hold the lantern, Mike. Here it comes! the doctor delivers the child and holds it up for the proud father to see. Mike, youre the proud father of a fine strapping boy. Saints be praised, l. .. Before Mike can finish the Doctor interrupts, Wait a minute.Hold the lantern, Mike. Soon the doctor delivers the next child. Youve a full set now, Mike. A beautiful baby daughter. Thanks be to Again the Doctor cuts in, Hold the lantern, Mike, Hold the lantern! Soon the Doctor delivers a third child. The doctor holds up the baby for Mikes inspection. Doctor, asks Mike, Do you think its the light thats attracting them? * At an auction in Manchester a wealthy American announced that he had lost his wallet containing EIA,OHO and would give a reward of OHIO to the person who found it. From the back of the hall a Scottish voice shouted, Ill give El 50! A customer ordered some coffee in a cafe. The waitress arrived with the coffee and placed it on the table. After a few moments, the customer called for the waitress Waitress, he said, theres dirt in my coffee! . Thats not surprising, sir, replied the waitress, It was ground only half an hour ago. Flying in the plane Sue and Bob, a pair of tight wads, lived in the mid west, and had been married years. Bob had always want to go flying. The desire deepen each time a barn stormed flew into town to offer rides. Bob would ask, and Sue would say, No way, ten dollars is ten dollars. The years went past, and Bob figured he didnt have much longer, so he got Sue out the feeling become real strong. Sue and Bob started an argument. The Pilot, between flights, overheard, listened to they problem, and said, Ill tell you hat, Ill take you up flying, and if you dont say a word the ride is on me, but if you back one sound, you pay ten dollars. So off they flew. The Pilot doing as many rolls, and dives as he couldheading to the ground as fast as the plane could go, and pulling out of the dive at Just the very last second. Not a word. Finally he admitted defeat and went back to the airport. Im surprised, why didnt you say anything? Well I almost said something when Sue fell out, but ten dollars is ten dollars. * In Heaven: The cooks are French, The policemen are English, The mechanics are German, The lovers are Italian, The bankers are Swiss. In Hell: The cooks are English, The policemen are German, The mechanics are French, The lovers are Swiss, The bankers are Italian. II PART APPARENTLY ACTUAL ANSWERS BY BRITISH STUDENTS Why did the bald man paint rabbits on his head? Because from a distance they looked like hares! Geography Q: Name the four seasons. A: Salt, pepper, mustard and vinegar.Q: Explain one of the processes by which water can be made safe to drink. A: Flirtation makes water safe to drink because it removes large pollutants like grit, sand, dead sheep and canoeists. Q: How is dew formed? A: The sun shines down on the leaves and makes them perspire. Q: What is a planet? A: A body of earth surrounded by sky. Q: What causes the tides in the oceans? A: The tides are a fight between the Earth and the Moon. All water tends to flow towards the moon, because there is no water on the moon, and nature abhors a vacuum. I forget where the sun Joins in this fight.Sociology Q: What guarantees may a mortgage company insist on? A: If you are buying a house, they will insist you are well endowed. Q: In a democratic A: Very important. Sex can only happen when a male gets an election. Q: What are steroids? A: Things for keeping carpets still on the stairs. Biology Q: What happens to your body as you age? A: When you get old, so do your bowels and you get intercontinental. Q: What happens to a boy when he reaches puberty? A: He says good-bye to his boyhood and looks forward to his adultery. Q: Name a major disease associated with cigarettes. A: Premature death.Q: What is artificial insemination? A: When the farmer does it to the bull instead of the cow. Q: How can you delay milk turning sour? A: Keep it in the cow. Q: How are the main parts of the body categorized? (e. G. , abdomen). A: The body is consisted into three parts-the brainier, Deborah and the abdominal cavity. The uranium contains tiebreak, the borax contains the heart and lungs, and the abdominal cavity contains the five bowels, A, E, l, O and U. Q: What does *varicose- mean? A: Nearby. Q: What is the most common form of birth control? A: Most people prevent contraception by wearing a condominium.Q: Give the meaning of the term *Cesarean Section. A: The cesarean section is a district in Rome. Q: What is a seizure? A: A Roman emperor. Q: What is a terminal illness? A: When you are sick at the airport Q: Give an example of a fungus. What is a characteristic feature? A: Mushrooms. They always grow in damp places and so they look like umbrellas. English Q: Use the word *Judicious- in a sentence to show you understand its meaning. A: Hands that Judicious can be soft as your face. Q: What does the word *benign- mean? A: Benign is what you will be after you be eight.Technology Q: What is a turbine? A: Something an Arab wears. Ill PART Here are some of the classic questions that were asked of the Sydney Olympic Committee via their Web site, and answers supplied where appropriate. Q: Does it grow? (I-J) A: Upwards, out of the ground, like the person who asked this question, who themselves will need watering if their IQ drops any lower.. Q: Will I be able to see kangaroos in the street? USA) A: Depends on how much beer youve consumed Q: Which direction should I drive Perth to Darwin or Darwin to Perth to avoid driving with the sun in my eyes? Germany) A: Excellent question, considering that the Olympics are being held in Sydney. Q: I want to walk from Perth to Sydney can I follow the railroad tracks? (Sweden) A: Sure, its only three thousand miles, so youll need to have started about a year ago to get there in time for this October Q: Is it safe to run around in the bushes in Australia? (Sweden) A: And accomplish what? Q: It is imperative that I find the names and addresses of places to contact for a tufted porpoise. (Italy) A: Im not touching this one.. . Q: Are there any Tams in Australia?Can you send me a list of them in Brisbane, Cairns, Thiensville and Harvey Bay? (I-J) Q: Can I bring cutlery into Australia? (I-J) A: Why bother? Use your fingers like the rest of us Q: Do you have perfume in Australia? (France) A: No. Everybody stinks. Q: Do tents exist in Australia? (Germany) A: Yes, but only in sporting supply stores, peoples garages, and most national parks. .. Q: Can I wear high heels in Australia? (I-J) A: This HAS to have been asked by a blonde Q: Can you tell me the regions in Tasmania where the female population is smaller than the male population? (Italy) A: Yes.Gay nightclubs. Q: Do you celebrate Christmas in Australia? (France) A: Yes. At Christmas. Q: Can I drive to the Great Barrier Reef? (Germany) A: Sure, if your vehicle is amphibious. Q: Are there killer bees in Australia? (Germany) A: Not yet, but well see what we can do when you get here. Q: Can you give me some information about hippo racing in Australia? (USA) A: Whats this guy smoking, and where do I get some? Q: Are there supermarkets in Sydney and is milk available all year round? (Germany) A: Another blonde? Q: Please send a list of all doctors in Australia who can dispense rattlesnake serum. USA) A: I love this one.. . There are no rattlesnakes in Australia. Q: Which direction is North in Australia? (USA) A: Face North and you should be about right. Q: Can you send me the Vienna Boys Choir schedule? (USA) A: Americans have long had considerable trouble distinguishing between Austria and name. Its a kind of bear and lives in trees. (USA) Q Are there places in Australia where you can make love outdoors? (Italy) A: Yes. Outdoors. Q: Will I be able to speak English most places I go? (USA) A: Yes, but youll have to learn it first.

The Stone Angel - Theme Analysis Essays - Abraham,

The Stone Angel - theme analysis [emailprotected] A common statement heard throughout this decade is Lifes a bitch and then you die. Hagars character epitomizes this philosophy. In the novel The Stone Angel we are introduced to Hagar. As the author creates her story the reader learns that Hagar is capable of deep unhappiness due to her inability to accept reality and this prevents her from embracing life. As the story unravels the theme is bluntly stated that if we dont like our lives as we have created them, then we should make adjustments before it is too late or suffer the consequences of a miserable life alone. In the opening paragraph Hagar is discussing the stone angel on her mothers grave, she states, I wonder if she stands there yet, in memory of her who relinquished her feeble ghost as I gained my stubborn one. Hagars stubborn personality is the stem of most of her anger and crimes. One of Hagars first crimes was when her brother Daniel was dying. Hagar was unable to grant him the comfort that Matt could. Hagar would not put on her mothers shawl because she felt that she was not like her mother at all. This shows a further development of the theme because deep down she wants to help but she cant bring herself to it. Hagar feels anger at her mother for Daniels illness, But all I could think of was that meek woman Id never seen, the woman Dan was said to resemble so much and from whom hed inherited a frailty I could not help but detest, however much a part of me wanted to sympathize. To play at being her it was beyond me. This is just one of the many times in her life where she is stubb orn and unable to show compassion. However, there is the odd time where Hagar tries to change, to show kindness and love, but still she cannot completely break through the stone that surrounds her heart. She continues to sabotage her life and her sorrow and loneliness prevails. I would have wished it. This knowing comes upon me so forcefully, so shatteringly, and with such a bitterness as I have never felt before. I must always, always, have wanted that simply to rejoice. In this quote we see that Hagar has acknowledged her own resentment and she realizes that she could never express joy for she was too proud to show emotion. Another example of this is where she admits that she is in pain and scared of what is going to happen. Im-frightened. Marvin, Im so frightened-. And as a result of finally showing feeling without any forethought she immediately feels ashamed. In conclusion, Hagar believes she can manage on her own emotionally but she is blind to see that she cannot. Hagars shortcoming is that she only sees things from her own point of view and is blind to see the needs and aspirations of others. She can only see things from her side of the fence and cannot see how others view the world. Therefore, while Hagar was always worried about showing her emotions, she damaged her life rather than enjoying it and all the good times.

Is Solitary Confinement an Effective Means of Changing Criminal Behavior Essay Example

Is Solitary Confinement an Effective Means of Changing Criminal Behavior Essay Example Is Solitary Confinement an Effective Means of Changing Criminal Behavior Essay Is Solitary Confinement an Effective Means of Changing Criminal Behavior Essay Is Solitary Confinement an Effective Means of Changing Criminal Behavior? Name: School: Course/Number: October 31, 2011 Instructor’s Name: Table of Contents Introduction: Statement of the Problem †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2 Purpose of the Study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Research Hypothesis †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..4 Justification of the Study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Limitations of the Study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Assumptions of the Study†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..8 Terminology †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 Literature Review †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.9 Methodology: Participants †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.17 Informed Consent †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦18 Data Collection †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦19 The Questionnaire †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦20 Is Solitary Confinement an Effective Means of Changing Criminal Behavior? Introduction: Statement of the Problem Solitary confinement has been a controversial form of punishment in prison, where prisoners are confined in solitary cells. Such prisoners spend more than 23 hours of their day in solitary confinement where they do not get to talk to any body except the prison wardens on rare occasions when they are served food and when in outdoors for a few minutes. In many occasions, the prisoners are put into solitary cells not because of crimes they are in for, but for committing other crimes in the prison that are considered dangerous to other prisoners especially violence related crimes (Lovell, Cloyes, Allen, Rhodes, 2000). Most of the solitary confined prisoners are released from prison directly to the gates or their freedom without undergoing any counseling to help them live or adapt back to free life where they are free to do anything. This has raised some concern in me whether such prisoners who serve their sentence in solitary cell are able to reform considering they do not talk to anybo dy in prison, which is important for changing behavior. Considering prison is supposed to be a form of rehabilitation, solitary confinement does not help in changing criminal behavior since people cannot change their behavior without the help of others. Majority of the prisoners put in this confinement are criminals who engage in violent behavior, which can only be changed through learning to live with other people and controlling their anger around others (Yost, Knobil, Coyote, Auster Dubrino, 2010). Behavior is influenced largely by the environment, personal factors as well as attributes of the behavior. When put in solitary confinement the prisoners have nothing to influence their behavior, and use their personal thought as days pass by inside the cell. Thoughts of such a person cannot be expected to be good when they are alone, and this might even give them more reasons to encourage criminal thoughts. Hence, there is nothing to influence them to change either for the better or for worse. In behavior model theories, social support and ecological support suggest that a person needs physical activities to enhance changing of behavior and positive motivation. A prison may not have such environments, but allowing all prisoners to take part in physical activities is better than locking them for 23 hours in a solitary cell without anybody to talk to. From several researches, it has been found that solitary confinement has had mental effects on the prisoners, and others having psychological disorders. According to Grassian (n.d.), solitary confinement where prisoners have minimal social contact can adversely have psychiatric effects on the prisoner. He further cites that too much restriction from social and environmental stimulation can have a deleterious result on the functioning of the brain. Solitary confinement is said to ruin a man in very few weeks. People who suffer such effects may recover after sometime from imprisonment, but some could end up having little tolerance for interaction with other people. Such people may have difficulties for the rest of their life in adapting back to social life after solitary confinement for a long period. Purpose of the Study Many researchers have conducted studies on the effects of solitary confinement, but few have looked at its effectiveness in changing criminal behavior. Many would argue that solitary confinement suits such violent criminals who pose a threat to others and do not seek to know why they engage in such acts of violence. Many researchers and psychologists have sought to know causes of criminal behavior, where many have proven that nature vs. nurture issue has an answer to this question. Many researchers conclude that criminal behavior is influenced by genetic make up and environmental factors. Many have cited that a person with criminal genes does not end up a criminal, but with a pre-disposition to a criminal environment, their chances of becoming criminals are high. Hence, despite genetic make up playing a role in criminal behavior, the environment plays the role of enhancing the behavior or bringing it out of the person. Without the environment to enhance criminal behavior, people wit h criminal genes on a higher probability may never end up engaging in crimes. Therefore, rehabilitating or changing criminal behavior requires an environment that can help the criminals overcome their genetic influence on such behaviors. In this study, I seek to find out whether solitary confinement is an effective means of changing criminal behavior, where such people are isolated from the rest, with minimal interaction with the environment. I also intend to seek whether solitary confinement where there is no environment, either criminal or not helps in shaping the behavior of a criminal. In addition, criminals who do not end up fully rehabilitated from their criminal behavior may have a chance of engaging in criminal behavior again. In this study, I seek to find out the rate of adoption or relapsing to previous criminal behaviors for solitary confined inmates. More still, from this study, I intend to find out what happens to solitary confined inmates after they are released, whether they are able to adapt back to the society, or are there long-term psychological effects of their solitary confinement that may play a role in adapting back to social life. More so, this study will be comparing recidivism among those co nfined in solitary cells and those in general population, to give an insight of what means is more effective (Lovell Johnson, n.d.). Research Hypothesis H1: Solitary confinement is not effective in changing criminal behavior H0: Solitary confinement is effective in changing criminal behavior. H1: Solitary confinement has many adverse long-term psychological effects on the inmates H0: Solitary confinement does not have adverse long-term psychological effect on inmates. H1: The rate of recidivism of solitary confinement is higher compared to other inmates H0: The rate of recidivism of solitary confinement is lower compared to other inmates Justification of the Study Considering the rate of crime is going higher everyday and more people continue to flock the prisons, there is need for finding out what means of changing criminal behavior is more effective, in an effort to reduce the rate of crime as well as recidivism to crime. Conducting a study on whether solitary confinement acts as an effective means of changing behavior will play an important role in the fight against crime. Moreover, considering that many of those who engage in criminal behavior have a violent and neglected childhood, putting them in solitary confinement may act counteractively in changing their criminal behavior since being neglected at a tender age contributed to their criminal behavior, which is the same with solitary confinement where prisoners are isolated (fortunecity.com, n.d.). From the many researches carried out, there has been a strong indication of the fact that solitary confinement does have adverse long-term effects on the inmates, and may not act to change th eir behavior; hence, seeking to prove this statement may be of great importance in reforming criminals from their behaviors. This study will provide information whether adding more to their punishment is the best way to change their behavior, or could giving them social support to change their behavior probably be better? The result of this study will play a crucial role in illustrating whether solitary confinement should be used as a means of changing criminal behavior in the future. In addition, considering the study will also seek to find out the recidivism rate of this type of confinement, it will provide crucial information concerning how effective it has been. More so, in seeking the recidivism rate and long-term effects of solitary confinement in adjusting back to the society, the study will provide results concerning the life of those who served solitary confinement and how their life has been since their release. Have they managed to stay away from crime because they do not want to be back in solitary confinement, or is it because the effects of the confinement have made them incapable of crime? In addition, the results will provide an insight concerning whether the psychiatric effects of solitary confinement guarantee that an inmate will not want to be in the same situation again; hence, the results will tell whether the severe punishment motivates the criminals never to relapse to their criminal activities ever again, considering this is the worst form of punishment. The court does not sentence people to serve their sentences in solitary confinement except for the terrorists who pose a threat to the nation. Solitary confinement for others is declared by the prison authorities depending on the behavior of the prisoner inside prison. It is important to note that majority of the prisoners are criminals, and could all contribute to violence in prisons. However, not all may be confined in isolation. Hence, solitary confinement is meant to correct violent behavior in prisons, but is it efficient when the prisoners are released upon serving their sentences. Results of this question will provide information on whether confining them will help them change their behavior once released. The whole results of the study will provide the criminology department with enough information about solitary confinement ability to change or not to change criminal behavior. Limitations of the Study There are several limitations to this study considering the nature of the subjects involved. Many of the inmates who have served and are serving in this form of confinement find it quite hard to talk about the subject due to fear of victimization, and in addition, the effect of the solitary confinement makes it difficult to communicate effectively while expressing their feelings. In proving whether the inmates are able to change due to solitary confinement, not many of the ex-convicts in solitary confinement may prove this if they have psychiatric effects. The other limitation is having access to files of the inmates who are confined in solitary cells considering they fear victimization from their records. From several researches, this has been a problem where permission has to be sought before such information is given, including why they are in solitary cells. Considering prisoners put in solitary cells are confined until they finish their sentence, there may be no prove whether they manage to change violent behaviors in side prison. Thus, there can be no record of their behavior after solitary confinement in the prisons; hence, the study has to make its own observations that will require time to notice the behavior. The other limitation comes from finding people who are already released from prison to give an account of their experiences and how their lives have turned out to be since their release and how coping with a world that had been denied to them for years has been. Finding such people is hard considering that some might be intolerant to social interaction, and end up showing their whereabouts to very few people. Hence, proving whether some of them have refrained from criminal behavior because of fear of going back to prison again or because they underwent mental difficulties that have had long-term effects, leaving them incapable of crime will not be easy since not many may answer this correctly. More so, if such people are involved in crime again yet to be caught, they are not likely to provide such information that could send them to jail, proving the recidivism rate may not be easy if a person has not been caught by the law yet. For better result, there will be a need to observe and interview those who have just been released from prisons after serving their solitary confinement and those who were released more than a year from the time of the study to access the rate of adapting back to normal life. In addition, it will be hard to find out what their previous life before conviction was when they were arrested and their current behavior to illustrate the changes that have occurred since the release. Assumptions of the Study To complete this study, several assumptions have to be made without necessarily affecting the results significantly. The selected participants in the study are from Texas, and it is assumed that they represent all of the prisoners who have been released from solitary confinement in the state. The other participants have been selected from several prisons to make the study more comprehensive and it is assumed they may not be released from solitary confinement until their sentence is over since we have not come across any of the prisoners in the prisons who has been to the solitary and is out. It is also assumed that the subjects or the inmates were the most dangerous and violent inside prison since the prison authorities make us believe it is so. It is also assumed that the prisoners interviewed had no psychiatric conditions before they were put in solitary cell considering mentally ill people are discouraged from being put under such confinement. Terminology Recidivism rate: The rate at which the released prisoners are likely to relapse back to criminal activities or behavior Solitary confinement: This is the act of holding prisoners their own cells, which are just big enough to accommodate their basic amenities such as toilet and sink. The prisoners spend around 23 hours of their day inside these cells away from social interaction. It is also called Intensive Management Units (IMUs). Control units and Supermax: Have been used interchangeably with solitary confinement, segregation and isolation. Criminal behavior: The behavior of wanting to get into crime most of the time Past felony: Previously committed crimes Subjects: These are the prisoners and ex-prisoners that the study is centered upon Participant: They are all the people involved in the study, ranging from prisoners, prison authorities and wardens together with family members of the subjects. Mental disturbances and psychiatric disorders: These terms have been used interchangeably to explain the abnormal brain conditions of those confined in solitary cells. Rehabilitation: The act of helping a person to live independently from a previous behavior, which in this topic means reducing the recidivism rate Literature Review When a person is sentenced to prison, many people know that it will be a better way of rehabilitating them by taking away their freedom and time, which everybody wishes to have. However, some prisoners face even worse than that through solitary confinement. The court does not sentence people to serve in solitary confinement, but it is usually because of criminal activities in prison that cause them to go to solitary cells. What makes it the worst form of punishment is the fact that a prisoner does not get any right to leave the concrete wall, for a whole day except a few minutes everyday (Siegel, 2009). This makes it quite inhumane for the prisoners who do not even have a chance to talk to another human being. This has been known to have many effects on the person and has raised the question whether solitary confinement is a way of rehabilitating people or just a form of punishment. Considering that changing of behavior requires the influence of other people, solitary confinement do es not provide all the necessary needs for change since there is no contact with other people; thus, solitary confinement does not rehabilitate criminal behavior. It has been cited by many researchers that putting a person in isolation is a sure way of making them go insane (Rodriguez, 2011). Solitary confinement puts prisoners in isolation from other people and physical activities for around 23 hours a day, leaving only one hour for the prisoners to be outside, alone without any human contact. The only people they are able to talk to are the prison guards on rare occasions during the day. A research conducted on solitary confined people showed that solitary confined persons had a higher probability of developing pathologies at a rate of 28% vs. 15% of the general population (Rodriguez, 2011). Furthermore, it has been cited that solitary confined prisoners are likely to engage in self-mutilation at higher rates than other general population inmates are. It is evident that solitary confinement has quite a negative effect on the psychology of the person and their mental health (Haney, 2003). According to Grassian (n.d.), after solitary confinement was introduced in America, many thought it was a good idea of criminal rehabilitation. However, he further cites that the results were catastrophic since so many of the prisoners developed severe psychiatric effects, making the solitary confinement face more disfavors from people. The mental disturbances and their severity were so high among the prisoners put under this confinement. â€Å"The paradigmatic psychiatric disturbance was an agitated confusional state which, in more severe cases, had the characteristics of a florid delirium, characterized by severe confusional, paranoid, and hallucinatory features †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ( Grassian, n.d. p.328). He further cites that even among people who had no prior disturbances, such behaviors were observed after they were confined, including self-violence. It also contributed to exacerbation of previously observed mental conditions to a severe level. These conditions make it difficult for such individuals to adapt back even to the other prison environment after they are released from isolation (Mears, 2008). When such people are released back into the community, they are expected to live a normal life and become productive members of the community, without going back to criminal behaviors, which is the aim of sentencing a person to jail. However, the truth is on to the contrary, with many of them having the worst difficulties of adapting back to social life that is crucial if a person is to become productive again (Sharon, 2010). In most cases, such effects leave the individual with an impairment or ability of reforming back to their sufficient normal brain activity to engage in productive work in the community. Grassian (n.d.), further cites that even with a few days in solitary confinement, a person will soon start developing incapability of adequate maintenance of alertness to the environment with his or her attention going down, shifting the electroencephalogram (EEG) pattern to an abnormal one with characteristics of trance and confusion as well as hallucinations (Grassian n.d.). According to the above literature, what solitary confinement does is impair people from responding to the environment and other usual stimuli, which they find too much to bear after solitary confinement and react by avoiding it as much as possible. In my opinion, this is not a way of rehabilitating; rather, it is a form of incapacitating a prisoner. Putting a person in solitary confinement ceases to be rehabilitation and turns into a mental torture where the individual is put under circumstances that impair the brain from functioning, as it should. Rehabilitation has been defined generally as a means of helping a person become independent physically, mentally emotionally and socially. Drawing from the meaning, criminal behavior rehabilitation means helping a person become independent and free from crime through giving social, emotional mental and physical help. It is meant to reduce recidivism of going back to crime after prison. Solitary confinement does not offer any of this. Rathe r, it takes away everything in the meaning and hence, solitary confinement should not be considered a means of rehabilitation, but a means of incapacitating a person from acting as themselves considering all the impairment effects it leaves in a person (Lenzner, 2006). In terms of reducing crime relapsing for violent people, solitary confinement does help since it incapacitates them from engaging in violent behavior again after a long period of solitary confinement. People who go through solitary confinement find it hard to adapt back to their usual life since they are impaired in responding to the environment and other stimulus around them. Such people only want to hold back and withdraw from all forms of interaction with other people or the environment. Such an individual may not be in a position to engage back to criminal activities, and neither can they engage in social productive activities (Kurki Morris, 2001). This raises the concern of whether prison should be a place of incapacitating criminals mentally or whether it should act to help them change their behavior since incapacitating a person does not change behavior. In addition, when such people are released to the public again, they do not have a means of earning a decent livelihood and adapting to a free life might even be harder. This may increase their chances of engaging in crime again. Considering that rehabilitation of criminal behavior is supposed to be a means of ensuring criminals do not relapse for criminal activities again, the best way of helping them should not be confining them in solitary cells. There are several studies carried out on the best means of rehabilitating criminal behavior. According to Wright (2011), education is one way of rehabilitating offenders to prevent them from going back to criminal behavior upon release. He cited that many of the offenders end up in jail again after release due to lack of decent means of living and social circumstances force them into crime again. Majority of criminals end up in crime out of circumstances such as lack of a stable economic activity to support them. Hence, providing education to inmates increases their chances of making a better living since they can secure better jobs to sustain them upon release. Much research has indicated that most of the inmates are lowly educated, and increasing their knowledge will give them a better chance of securing jobs. More so, some inmates may have served in the prison for a long time and their knowledge may not be relevant to the current time; hence, giving them a chance to upgrade their knowledge will be better than confining them in solitary cells. To reduce violence in prison, education and counseling is a better way of inspiring the inmates to change, since keeping them busy reduces their chances of engaging in criminal activities inside prison. In addition to education and counseling, physical activities such as games and exercise facilities within prison facility can pre-occupy them and reduce violence. According to Godoy (2006), California has over the last 20 years been isolating inmates more and more in a bid to reduce violence in prison and gangs in the community. However, both of what they have been aiming to do has increased tremendously, suggesting their efforts are not rewarded. There are worries that solitary confinement could be making it worse than it was. She further says that majority of the solitary confined inmates are due to be released sometime back into the public, and the only help they get to adapt back to normal life is a few weeks in a local prison, which she says does little or nothing to help them. One has to ask whether the solitary confinement has shaped them or are they still the same people without any change or mentally disturbed. In the Pelican Bay isolation, the only way to get out is through proving to prison wardens and authority that one has not been involved in any gang for a period of not less than six years, or tell everything about your gang, wh ich might take two years. One of the isolated members in the prison says that the place is not designed to rehabilitate but to break down. He says that it made him different, and spiteful (Godoy, 2011). On the other hand, one of the wardens says that it may make prisoners a little mad for sometime, but it has much benefit such as taking people who might be a threat to the public from the streets as well as keeping the other inmates safe. On to the contrary, another of the prison officials who has served for a long time says that solitary confinement, which he referred to as Supermax facility, says that after they put prisoners in the solitary facilities, some behaved even worse. Some of the inmates would spit on them as they passed by, pour urine on them and some would even smear urine and feces on themselves, out of frustration and some out of spitefulness. He clearly says that it made their behavior worse then they were, leaving him to wonder about the effectiveness of the Supermax facility (Luce, 2010). Godoy (2011) cites that currently, solitary confinement has changed in some ways with some regulation about who goes to solitary and for how long. However, she cites that changing the system does not mean changing the inmate, which is supposed to be the aim of the solitary cell. It has now been made clear that putting inmates in isolation is not going to work. However, putting the dangerous ones in the general population in prisons is not going to work for them either. Therefore, a balanced approach for such people needs to be used for maximum results. One prison warden says that prisoners he had good terms with while at general population turned out to be the opposite when put in solitary confinement (Burkhead, 2007). He talks of how he was on good terms with some of them until they were taken to the solitary cells where they never talked to him even for a moment, and some become hostile. Once they are in the solitary cell, an attitude of the inmates vs. the prison officers builds u p, where the prisoners feel they are there because of them. The warden further cites that putting the inmates in isolation does not do them any good, and considering that one day they will be neighbors, it does not do the society any good either. Hence, solitary confinement should be rethought (Godoy 2011). It has been proven that inmates who spend much of their time in solitary confinement in prison have a high recidivism rate than those who spend their sentences in general prison population. Many of them are likely to go back for violent crimes again since they suffer lack of tolerance to social interactions, which might trigger abnormal reactions to such interaction (Beck, 1997). Many of the solitary confined inmates are not able to adapt to the social life, and many may end up becoming worse considering the effects they have gone through. More so, many are not able to engage in meaningful work for self-upkeep since they do not like crowded places anymore. The situation is worse for those who may not have families to go to and some may not even be accepted back and end up in crime again. It is not a wish they make, but circumstances force them to look for all ways of surviving. This was found in two studies on prisoners who were freed from solitary confinement in Washington and Texas, where the results showed that they had a higher recidivism rate, and they were most likely to engage in violent crimes (Godoy, 2011). Considering that the need for prison is to rehabilitate such behaviors and ensure the least recidivism rate, solitary confinement seems to be doing hardly anything if not the opposite of its purpose. In reality, solitary confinement largely protects other inmates and guards, and at least, the community until they are released again into the public where they might commit more crime. In a research that interviewed an ex-convict who served 18 years of his 25 years sentence in solitary confinement, it states that the he does not socialize with people since he lost his social skills. He lives with the mother who provides for him and is now taking a welding class, which has not been easy for him since he does not like talking to anybody. More so, he does not talk to anybody, does not go to social places, and has no friends. He says that he is his best companion, and does not need anybody’s company and spends time sitting in the front yard just to look at motorists passing by. His greatest struggle in life is adapting back to the society and the mother says he is not the same person she knew. Godoy (2011) cites that the increase of solitary confinement illustrates a failure of policies used in prison to rehabilitate the inmates. She says that due to the increase of prison population, segregating some has become so widespread, and budgets for prisons are going up everyday making it impossible to provide rehabilitation facilities such as counseling and education. People in solitary confinement require more help than others do considering they are more violent. Instead, solitary confinement does the opposite by putting them in such isolation where no help is accorded, which my make them even worse especially mentally. It is known that prisoners who are offered education and counseling therapy are more likely to refrain from crime ever again since they can make a decent livelihood. However, considering that some might be quite dangerous in prisons, isolation could be helpful to protect the general population, but should not be in an inhumane manner that denies them any intera ction needed for their rehabilitation such as contact with people (Roth, 2006). This way, the prison will not rehabilitate them if there is no provision of such interaction in the solitary cell that allows them to exercise their mind and body. Solitary confinement for such long hours a day for several years makes them insane, which is not part of rehabilitation (O’Keefe Colorado, 2010). When people in segregation cannot bear the harsh conditions and mental disturbances start occurring, self-harm starts to linger in their mind, and some even result to suicide. According to Rodriguez (2011), the rate of suicide in prison is going up, with 70% of those who committed suicide in 2005 being in solitary confinement. More so, he cites that it has been a trend, giving a statistics of 1986 on a study of 401 jails nationally where 2 out of 3 for the prisoners who committed suicide were confined under control units or solitary confinement. In 2007, a study showed that solitary confinement contributed largely to suicidal thoughts of prisoners, where some commit suicide out of the mental condition they are. Some said they heard voices, and lost control of their thought, and this is where suicidal thought comes in. Rodriguez (2011) further affirms that a research carried out in 2006 has indicated that solitary confinement is counter productive and often leads to violence in prison s, and a higher recidivism rate especially for inmates who are released directly from the solitary confinement. The rate was 64% for those who were released directly from solitary confinement to 41%, for those who were taken back to the general population before release. He cites that segregation does not make better people but worse than they were, with mental conditions. Hence, segregation only serves to punish (Roesch Gagnon, 2007). Methodology: Participants To complete this study, a selection of the right participants will have to be made who can provide credible information for best results. The best participants will be the subjects, who in this case are inmates who have had an experience with solitary confinement and those who are released from jail, as well as those who never served in solitary confinement for comparison to how their life inside prison and outside prison differs or correlate. For the subjects, they will be put under observation for a period. Their behaviors will be observed and put down. To assert that solitary confinement has contributed to the condition or behaviors they are in, another group of participants will be taken. This group could be anybody who wishes to volunteer for the purpose of the study. Before they are accepted, their current and past mental health will be taken. After volunteering, they will be put under solitary confinement; the same kind that the inmates go through, for a period of not less th an a few weeks. They will be observed and their behavior as well as mental health will be examined after the confinement for comparison. Other participants will be wardens in the prison who have interacted with the subjects during their solitary confinement in prisons. Their information will give reasons why prisoners are sent to jail and highlight on the behavior of the inmates before entering the solitary confinement and when they leave solitary cells, on whether they behave the same, or what changes are observed? Other participants will be close relatives of the released inmates to give an account of what behaviors the solitary confined take up after they are released from prison. Informed Consent All participants especially volunteers will be informed of all the procedures they will undergo considering they will be put under solitary confinement for some weeks and they may not be released despite their pleas for the sake of the study. The duration will be determined before they are confined. Their mental health before and after the confinement will be kept confidential and under no circumstance unless they so wish, shall their names be mentioned. Hence, their names will only remain with the researchers for their signature of acceptance to confinement. They will be informed of the dangers of such confinement before they are required to sign. There will be informed consent for all the inmates and ex-convicts that their names shall not be used without their consent, and their records will not be used against them, but only for research purposes. Those who wish for their names to appear in the research will have to sign that they agree to such terms. For those who do not wish their names to appear, they will not be required to sign to such terms. However, to prove that such a study took place, their signatures will be required just for that purpose, and their roles will not be mentioned in the research itself. The signatures are to remain with the study group for filing purposes only. The prison wardens will be treated the same way, and their names will not be mentioned in the research unless they want. Names mentioned by prison officials will not be included either in the research unless the particular person agrees. Close relative will also be told of their roles in the research, and any information they may not want appe aring in the research will be reserved Data Collection Data collection will come from the participants. Information about the inmates may be provided by the Planning and Research office, and the Department of Corrections, which can provide the following data: 1) Infractions File: this data file will provide the types of infractions, their dates, and sanctions, as will as offenders. 2) Principle offender file: this provides several details of an offender such as age, ethnicity, sex, current offence, their date of confinement and release, mental conditions, and identity. This is for every incarceration served by the offender, and those who go back to prison have more than one. 3) Movement file: this provides information about offenders location of custody, where they are moved, the movement codes as well as location codes and reasons of movement. More information will come from the prison wardens and officials concerning the records of the inmates. All other information will come from interviews and observations of the confined group. The data from the movement file will be used to identify those who served in Supermax or IMU facilities during their terms, and those still serving their sentence. From this file, the participants to be used will be identified, especially those who are already released. In addition, we can be able to know the amount of time served in solitary confinement as well as release. From the other two files, we are able to know the type of offences the offenders served and past felonies if any. The Questionnaire The study will use open-ended questionnaire as well as closed questions for better results. For the inmates inside solitary cells, the questions will mostly be open to observe their response and relevance to questions in order to observe any signs of unusual mental conditions. Questions could include: Why they are in isolation What is their routine Who they talk to Do they wish to be back to general population What are they finding hard For those who are already released, questions could include: What is the most difficult thing in their life now? Have they been able to make friends? Do they have a stable job? Do they enjoy their freedom and are they happy to interact with people? Why? Have they been accepted? What was their hardest thing in solitary confinement or what could they not stand after solitary confinement? Other participants will only find observations of the inmates who were isolated from others and tell of the changes they observed in them. For the volunteers, the questions will resemble the one above and observation from the researcher. Their behavior will be compared with their previous behavior. References Beck, A. (1997). Recidivism of Prisoners Released in 1983. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Burkhead, M. D. (2007). The treatment of criminal offenders: A history. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. fortunecity.com. (n.d.). Criminal Behavior – Contributing Factors throughout Life. Retrieved from http://members.fortunecity.com/smashx14/criminal.html Godoy, M. (2006). Solitary Confinement the Law. Retrieved from NPR.org. Grassian, S. (n.d.). Psychiatric Effects of Solitary Confinement. Journal of Law Policy, 22, 325-347. Haney, C. (2003). Mental health issues in long-term solitary and â€Å"Supermax† Confinement. Crime and Delinquency, 49 (1), 124-156. Kurki, L. Morris, N. (2001). The purposes, practices, and problems of supermax prisons. Crime and Justice, 28, 385-424. Lenzner, E. (2006). Solitary Confinement: How Effective Is It? Retrieved from npr.org/about/press/060725.solitary.html Lovell, D., Cloyes, K., Allen, D. Rhodes, R. (2000). Who lives in super-maximum custody? A Washington State study. Federal Probation, 64 (2), 33-38. Lovell, D., Johnson, C. (n.d.). Felony and Violent Recidivism among Supermax Prison Inmates in Washington State: A Pilot Study. University of Washington: Department of Psychosocial Community Health. Luce, P. (2010). Effectiveness of solitary confinement discussed at hearing. Retrieved from delcotimes.com/articles/2010/08/03/news/doc4c57850907033292831638.txt?viewmode=fullstory Mears, D. (2008). An Assessment of Supermax Prisons Using an Evaluation Research Framework. The Prison Journal, 88 (1), 43-68. O’Keefe, M. L., Colorado. (2010). One year longitudinal study of the psychological effects of administrative segregation. Colorado Springs, Colo: Colorado Department of Corrections, Office of Planning and Analysis. Rodriguez, S. (2011). Fact Sheet: Psychological Effects of Solitary Confinement. Retrieved from solitarywatch.com Roesch, R., Gagnon, N. (2007). Psychology and law: Criminal and civil perspectives. Aldershot, England: Ashgate. Roth, M.P. (2006). Prisons and prison systems: a global encyclopedia. London: Greenwood Publishing Group Sharon, S. (2010). Former Prisoners Describe Psychiatric Toll of Solitary Confinement. Retrieved from mpbn.net/Home/tabid/36/ctl/ViewItem/mid/3478/ItemId/11095/Default.aspx Siegel, L.J. (2009). Introduction to Criminal Justice. New York, NY: Criminal Justice Department of New York. Wright, M. (2011). Criminal Rehabilitation – Working Towards a Better Life for Inmates and Their Families. Retrieved from http://ezinearticles.com/?Criminal-Rehabilitation- Working-Towards-A-Better-Life-For-Inmates-And-Their-Familiesid=455250 Yost, P., Knobil, M., Coyote, P., Auster, A., Dubrino, J. (2010). Solitary confinement. Washington, DC: National Geographic Channel

Timeline of the Russian Revolution of 1905

Timeline of the Russian Revolution of 1905 While Russia had a revolution in 1917 (in fact two), it nearly had one in 1905. There were the same marches and vast strikes, but in 1905 the revolution was crushed in a manner that affected how things unraveled in 1917 (including a great deal of fear things would repeat and a new revolution would fail). What was the difference? World War One had not acted as a magnifying glass for problems, and the military mostly stayed loyal. January January 3-8: 120,000 workers strike in St. Petersburg; government warns against any organized marches. January 9: Bloody Sunday. 150,000 striking workers and their families march through St. Petersburg to deliver a protest to the Tsar  but are shot and ridden down on multiple occasions by the army. Reaction to the massacre spreads across neighboring regions, especially the industrial centers which experience spontaneous workers strikes. February February: The strike movement spreads down to the Caucasus. February 4: Grand-Duke Sergei Alexandrovich is killed by an SR assassin as protests grow. February 6: Notably large rural disorder, especially in Kursk. February 18: Reacting to the growing troubles, Nicholas II orders the creation of a consultative assembly to report on constitutional reform; the move is less than the revolutionaries want, but it gives them impetus. March The strike movement and unrest reaches Siberia and the Urals. April April 2: The second National Congress of Zemstvos again demands a constitutional assembly; the Union of Unions formed. May Embarrassment for the government as the Baltic Fleet is easily sunk, having spent 7 months sailing round to Japan. June June: Soldiers used against strikers in Lodz. June 18: Odessa is halted by a large strike. June 14-24: Sailors mutiny on the Battleship Potemkin. August August: Moscow holds the first Conference of the Peasants union; Nizhnii holds the First Congress of the Muslim Union, one of many groups pushing for regional - often national - autonomy. August 6: Tsar issues a manifesto on the creation of a state Duma; this plan, created by Bulygin and nicknamed the Bulygin Duma, is rejected by revolutionaries for being too weak and having a tiny electorate. August 23: Treaty of Portsmouth ends the Russo-Japanese war; Russia has been beaten by an opponent they were expected to easily defeat. September September 23: Printers strike in Moscow, the start of Russias first General Strike. October October 1905 - July 1906: The Peasant Union of the Volokolamsk District creates the independent Markovo Republic; it survives, 80 miles from Moscow, until the government crushes it in July 1906. October 6: Rail workers join the strike. October 9: As telegraph workers join the strike, Witte warns the Tsar that to save Russia he must make great reforms or impose a dictatorship. October 12: Strike action has developed into a General Strike. October 13: A council is formed to represent striking workers: the St. Petersburg Soviet of Workers Deputies; it functions as an alternative government. The Mensheviks dominate it as the Bolsheviks boycott and similar soviets are soon created in other cities. October 17: Nicholas II issues the October Manifesto, a liberal scheme proposed by Witte. It grants civil liberties, the need for Duma consent before passing laws and a widening of the Duma electorate to include all Russians; mass celebrations follow; political parties form and rebels return, but acceptance of the Manifesto pushes the liberals and socialists apart. The St. Petersburg soviet prints its first issue of the newssheet Izvestia; left and right groups clash in streetfights. October: Lvov joins the Constitutional Democrat (Kadet) party, which includes the more radical zemstvo menmen, nobles, and scholars; conservative liberals form the Octobrist Party. These are the people who have led the revolution so far. October 18: N. E. Bauman, a Bolshevik activist, is killed during a streetfight triggering a street war between the Tsar supporting right and the revolutionary left. October 19: The Council of Ministers is created, a government cabinet under Witte; leading Kadets are offered posts, but refuse. October 20: Baumans funeral is the focus of major demonstrations and violence. October 21: The General Strike is ended by the St. Petersburg Soviet. October 26-27: The Kronstadt mutiny. October 30-31: The Vladivostok Mutiny. November November 6-12: The Peasants Union holds a conference in Moscow, demanding a constituent assembly, land redistribution and political union between peasants and urban workers. November 8: The Union of Russian People is created by Dubrovin. This early fascist group aims to fight against the left and is funded by government officials. November 14: The Moscow branch of the Peasants Union is arrested by the government. November 16: Telephone/graph workers strike. November 24: Tsar introduces Provisional Rules, which at once abolish some aspects of censorship, but introduce harsher penalties for those praising criminal acts. November 26: Head of the St. Petersburg Soviet, Khrustalev-Nosar, arrested. November 27: The St. Petersburg Soviet appeals to the armed forces and elects a triumvirate to replace Nosar; it includes Trotsky. December December 3: The St. Petersburg Soviet is arrested en masse after Socialist Democrats (SD) hand out weapons. December 10-15: The Moscow Uprising, where rebels and militias try to take the city through armed struggle; it fails. No other major rebellions take place, but the Tsar and the right react: the police regime returns and the army sweeps across Russia crushing dissent. December 11: Russias urban population and workers are enfranchised by electoral changes. December: Nicholas II and his son given honorary membership of the Union of the Russian People; they accept.